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Introduction The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) is a fundamental result in probability theory and statistics that has profound implications for data analysis, hypothesis testing, and statistical inference. First formulated in the 18th century and rigorously proven in the early 20th century, the CLT establishes the surprising fact that the sum (or average) of a large number of independent, identically distributed random variables tends toward a normal distribution, regardless of the shape of the original distribution. ...

Memory Pagination: Understanding the Virtual Memory Abstraction Imagine trying to run dozens of modern applications simultaneously on a computer with limited physical memory. Without some clever mechanisms in place, your system would quickly grind to a halt. This is where memory pagination comes in—one of the most elegant solutions in operating system design that allows computers to run programs requiring more memory than physically available. Memory Abstraction: Paging and Its Role in Modern Systems What is Paging? Let’s start with a simple analogy. Think of computer memory like a large library. In a library without any organization system, finding a specific book would require searching through every shelf. Similarly, in early computing systems, memory allocation was a continuous, unorganized space where finding and allocating memory was inefficient. ...

Solving the Producer-Consumer Problem with Synchronization Imagine two processes working together: one creates data (the producer), while the other uses that data (the consumer). This classic scenario appears throughout computing systems - from operating system kernels managing device drivers to web servers handling client requests. However, when these processes run concurrently and share resources, we encounter a fundamental challenge in computer science: the producer-consumer problem. At its heart, the producer-consumer problem involves coordinating these two types of processes when they share a fixed-size buffer. The producer generates data and places it into the buffer, while the consumer takes data from this same buffer for processing. This seemingly simple arrangement introduces several critical synchronization challenges: ...

Hello everyone! My name is Costantino. I’m a computer science student and a tech enthusiast. The main purpose of this blog is to explore and share insights on some of the most exciting topics in the fascinating world of computer science. Let me start by explaining how I write and manage this blog. I primarily take notes in Obsidian, though I’m currently evaluating Emacs’ Org mode as a possible alternative. For the blog itself, I decided to use Markdown for content creation and Hugo as a powerful static site generator. Hugo not only offers a modern UI but also provides handy scripts that make the update process straightforward and efficient. ...